![]() Week-old embryos are flushed out of the donor’s uterus, isolated, examined microscopically for number and quality, and inserted into the lining of the uterus of surrogate mothers.ĮT increases reproductive rate of selected females, reduces disease transfer, and facilitates the development of rare and economically important genetic stocks as well as the production of several closely related and genetically similar individuals that are important in livestock breeding research. Selected females are induced to superovulate hormonally and inseminated at an appropriate time relative to ovulation depending on the species and breed. Embryo transfer (ET) from one mother to a surrogate mother makes it possible to produce several livestock progenies from a superior female. ![]() Since the birth of the first rabbit conceived through IVF in 1959, 4 IVF offsprings have been born in mice, rats, hamsters, cats, guinea pig, squirrels, pigs, cows, monkeys, and humans. To date, successful IVFs have been conducted in various animal species due to advances in embryo production and cryopreservation of reproductive cells. The fertilization of the sperm and the egg is conducted in vitro (outside the animal’s body) at specific environmental and biochemical conditions. In case other artificial reproductive techniques fail due to difficulties such as blocked reproductive systems, non-responsive ovaries in the females, marginal semen quality and quantity in the male, and presence of disease, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is used. 3 Various technologies have evolved that led to the efficient use of AI in developing desired livestock, including the methods of freezing semen or cryopreservation and sperm sexing. AI reduces transmission of venereal disease, lessens the need of farms to maintain breeding males, facilitates more accurate recording of pedigrees, and minimizes the cost of introducing improved genetics. One of the earliest perfected technology is artificial insemination (AI) where new breeds of animals are produced through the introduction of the male sperm from one superior male to the female reproductive tract without mating. These include artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), in-vitro fertilization (IVF), somatic cell nuclear transfer, and the emerging technology on somatic cell nuclear transfer.Īrtificial Insemination. Various biotechnology methods are used in improving the breeding stock of animals. Thus, increasing production and the safe processing and marketing of meat and milk, and their products are big challenges for livestock producers.īiotechnology is being harnessed in various aspects of the livestock industry to hasten breed development for improved animal health and welfare, enhanced reproduction, and improved nutritional quality and safety of animal-derived foods. Demand for meat and milk production is also expected to double in 2050 in developing countries, where population is expected to double. Some poor countries may not be able to sustain these levels of meat and milk requirement, leading to malnutrition. ![]() Milk on the other hand is consumed in various forms: liquid, cheese, powder, and cream at a global per capita consumption of 108 kg per person per year which is way below the FAO recommended daily consumption of 200 kg. The average global per capita meat consumption is 42.1 kg/year with 82.9 kg/year in developed and 31.1 kg/year in developing countries in a recommended daily animal-sourced protein per capita of 50 kg per year 2. 1 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2008 estimate shows that meat consumption has grown with increase in population. Meat and milk from farmed animals including livestock (cattle, goat and buffalo) and poultry are sources of high quality protein and essential amino acids, minerals, fats and fatty acids, readily available vitamins, small quantities of carbohydrates and other bioactive components. ![]()
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